Wu's theory approximated the relative gravity loss as 0.03% (an order of magnitude smaller than the reported range of 0.3–0.5%). Ning Wu, Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China, used the quantum gauge theory of gravity he had developed in 2001 to explain Podkletnov's observations. Modanese described several effects regarding responses to modifications to the local cosmological constant within the superconductor. He argued the shielding effect and slight expulsive force at the border of the shielded zone could be explained in terms of induced changes in the local cosmological constant. Italian physicist Giovanni Modanese, while a Von Humboldt Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Physics, made the first attempt to provide a theoretical explanation of Podkletnov's observations. Qualitative observations of an expulsive force at the border of the shielded zone were reported in the Fall of 1995. Reports about both sets of experiments stated the weight loss region was cylindrical, extending vertically for at least three meters above the disk. The experiments with the toroidal disk yielded reductions that reached a maximum of 1.9–2.1%. Certain combinations of disk angular speeds and electromagnetic frequencies caused the fluctuations to stabilize at a 0.3% reduction. They reported the weight of the samples would fluctuate between −2.5% and +5.4% as the angular speed of the superconductor increased. Three years later, Podkletnov reported the results of additional experiments with a toroidal disk superconductor. In 1992, Russian Professor of Chemistry, Yevgeny Podkletnov, and Nieminen, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, discovered weight fluctuations in objects above an electromagnetically levitated, massive, composite superconducting disk. They showed, in principle, gravitational radiation in the form of a beam of gravitons could be generated and amplified by using induced, resonant emissions. Laurent, Nordisk Institut for Teoretisk Atomfysik, indicated general relativity theory and quantum theory allowed the generation and amplification of gravitons in a manner like the LASER. Halpern, Universitetets Institut for Teoretisk Fysik, and B. It described the "restricted" results as an ability to direct an anti-gravitational force toward or away from a second body. The article indicated such a program, if successful, would yield either "restricted" or "general" results. Kaplan, Senior Research Engineer, Electronics Division, Ryan Aeronautical Company, San Diego, had conducted experiments that justified planning for a more comprehensive research program. In July 1960, Missiles and Rockets reported Martin N. The following is a summary of experiments and theories that resemble repulsor and tractor beam concepts: But the works by Forward, Dröscher, and Häuser could not be considered as a form of repulsor- or tractor-beam because the predicted impulses and field effects were not confined to a well-defined, collimated region. Heim's theory, and its variants, have been treated by the mainstream scientific community as fringe physics. A variant of Burkhard Heim's theory by Walter Dröscher, Institut für Grenzgebiete der Wissenschaft (IGW), Innsbruck, Austria, and Jocham Häuser, University of Applied Sciences and CLE GmbH, Salzgitter, Germany, predicted a repulsive force field of gravitophotons could be produced by a ring rotating above a very strong magnetic field. The mainstream scientific community has accepted Forward's work. Forward, Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu, California, showed that general relativity theory allowed the generation of a very brief impulse of a gravity-like repulsive force along the axis of a helical torus containing accelerated condensed matter. Several theories that have predicted repulsive effects do not fall within the category of tractor and repulsor beams because of the absence of field collimation. Gravity impulse and gravity propulsion beams are traditionally areas of research from fringe physics that coincide with the concepts of tractor and repulsor beams.Ī force field confined to a collimated beam with clean borders is one of the principal characteristics of tractor and repulsor beams. Less commonly, a similar beam that repels is known as a pressor beam or repulsor beam. Since the 1990s, technology and research have labored to make it a reality, and have had some success on a microscopic level. Smith (an update of his earlier "attractor beam") in his novel Spacehounds of IPC (1931). The concept originates in fiction: The term was coined by E. ( April 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Ī tractor beam is a device that can attract one object to another from a distance. This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling.
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